The semantic markup makes it possible to frame the data that can be extracted from a primary source by resorting to a controlled vocabulary, in which specific words, expressions and concepts are lemmatised and placed in a hierarchical relationship.
We abide by the definition of controlled vocabulary as it has been formulated in the ERC project Patrimonium. Geography and Economy of the Imperial Properties in the Roman World (https://patrimonium.huma-num.fr/ ), available in the thesaurus manager of AusoHNum (https://ausohnum.huma-num.fr/ ). Its framework, based on the division into eight main sections, was left unchanged. However, some changes were needed because of the chronological shift that FISCUS required.
The changes were mainly directed towards the core of the project – that is, the keywords grouped in the subsection ‘Fiscal Property’, placed in turn under the category ‘Economy’. Whenever a place has been marked at least once as a ‘Fiscal Property’, the point on the Map is displayed as a golden one (it is violet, instead, when the keyword ‘Fiscal Property’ has not been selected). The category ‘Textual Occurrence’ is intended to specify whether one fiscal estate appears as a marginal element in the document – e.g. when it is mentioned in the list of land borders or as a topical date – or whether it constitutes the main object of a legal transaction. The category ‘Function’ refers to the management forms of the fiscal estates, and to the uses that owners and beneficiaries could make of them. The categories ‘Inflow’ and ‘Outflow’ describe synthetically the dynamics of the fiscal redistribution circuit (on which cf. Bougard, F., and V. Loré, eds, Biens publics, biens du roi. Les bases économiques des pouvoirs royaux dans le haut Moyen Âge / Beni pubblici, beni del re. Le basi economiche dei poteri regi nell’alto Medioevo . Turnhout: Brepols, 2019).
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Document features
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Document tradition
Original
Copy
Compendium
Uncertain tradition
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Type of document
Archaeological sources
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Parchment documents
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Diploma
Imperial/royal diploma
Marquis’/ducal/princely diploma
Episcopal diploma
Placitum/iudicatum
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Cartula
Venditio
Commutatio
Libellus/precaria/emphyteusis
Offersio/donatio
Promissio
Ordinatio
Testamentum
Morgengabe
Convenientia
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Breve/memoratorium
List/inventory
Judicial breve
Transactional breve
Catalogus
Littera/mandatum
Papal concession
Epigraphic documents
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Papyrological documents
Papal concession (papyrus)
Breve (papyrus)
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Literary sources
Author
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Juridical sources
Lex
Capitulum
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Writer
Copyist
Dictator
Intercessory
Witness
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Geography
Geographic regions
Cities
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Villages/settlements
Vici
Burgi
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Residences
Laubia/topia
Spolia
Houses
Domus
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Areas
Confinia
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Natural landscape
Rivers
Riverbed
Lakes
Marshes/lagoons/tombolos
Shores
Islands
Sea
Mountains
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Economy
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Production units
Villas
Curtes
Gai
Massae
Salae
Demesnes
Domuscultae
Fundi
Casalia
Mansi
Casae/cassinae massaricie
Casalini/fundamenta
Petiae
Landed possessions
Mines
Quarries
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Forests
Gualdi
Cafagia
Fisheries
Saltworks
Other basins
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Processing units
Mills
Kilns
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Storage units
Granaries
Barns
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Workshops
Gynaecea
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Value
Price
Meritum/launechild
Penalty
Size
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Production
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Cereals
Maiores
Minores
Legumes
Wine
Oil
Fruits/vegetables
Spices
Chestnuts
Acorns
Hay/fodder
Honey
Cheese
Eggs
Soap
Papyrus
Reed
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Stone
Marble
Granite
Porphyry
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Soapstone
Steatite
Pietra ollare
Gypsum
Limestone
Sandstone
Slate
Verrucano
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Metals
Gold
Silver
Iron
Copper
Lead
Argentiferous lead
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Salt
Sea salt
Rock salt
Alum
Sulphur
Gems
Wood
Garum
Bread
Glass
Bricks
Tiles
Ceramics
Weapons
Wool
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Tissues
Silk
Linen
Hemp
Leather
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Pigments
Woad
Clothings
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Animals
Cows
Goats
Horses
Fish
Pigs
Sheep
Game
Poultry
Wildfowl
Birds of prey
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Fiscal property
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Textual occurrence
Object
Mention
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Function
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Residential
Palatium
Redistributive
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Exceptive
Dowry
Fiscal reserve
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Inflow
Inheritance
Confiscation
Purchase
Forced purchase
Gift
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Outflow
Iure proprietatis/pleno iure
Allocation to individuals
Allocation to groups
Allocation to churches
Counter-gift
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Luxury
Works of art
Furniture
Jewels
Luxury clothes
Exotic animals
Exotic coins
Books
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Management
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Coloni/tenants
Manentes
Condomae
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Agricultural renders
Rent in kind
Rent in money
Exenia
Operae
Land clearing
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Work and workers
Paid workforce
Slave labour
Agricultural workers
Specialized workers
Stonemasons
Miners
Moneyers
Medical doctors
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Fortifications
Castle
Fortress
Tower
Clusae/gates
Walls
Carbonaria
Defensive elements
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Infrastructures
Ports
Storage buildings
Roads
Aqueducts
Cisterns/pits
Fountains
Bridges/pontoons
Canals
Mints
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Loans
Interest bearing loans
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Trade
Maritime trade
Overland transport
Fluvial transport
Transport contracts
Merchants
Markets
Periodic markets
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Administration
Emperor/king
Queen
Princeps
Principissa
Marquis/duke
Count
Countess
Palatine count
Viscount
Gastaldus/vicegastaldus
Sculdahis
Marepahis
Other palatine officer
Papal court officer
Other minor officer
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Court clergyman
Archchancellor
Chancellor
Archchaplain
Chaplain
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Professional writer
Notary
Tabellio
Scriniarius
Judge
Causidicus
Consiliarius regis
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Missus
Missus regis
Missus of other public authorities
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Advocatus
Advocatus regis
Advocatus of other public authorities
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Camera
Camera regis
Camera of other public authorities
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Contractors
Conductores
Actionarii/actores
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Estate supervisors
Gualdemanni/silvani
Porcarii
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Administrative units
Iudiciaria
Marca/ducatum
Comitatus
Patrimonium
Pagus
Fines
Actio
Subactio
Other administrative unit
Seigneurial district
Dioecesis
Plebs
Assembly
Army
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Armed group
Hungarians
Muslims
Masnada
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Levies
Decima
Nona et decima
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Public exactions
Fodrum
Census
Datium
Servitium
Angaria
Albergaria/gifori
Profits of justice
Profits of mining/minting
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Tolls
Teloneum
Rights of use on woods/pastures/waters
Bonus/Malus usus
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Privileges
Immunity
Exemption
Districtio
Right to fortify
Public infrastructures
Coinage
Patronatus
Oral ordinances
Oral grants
Inquisitio
Tuitio/bannum/mundeburdium
Itinerary
Scufiae/transport service
Extortions by officers
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Law
Property of persons without heirs
Property of criminals/political traitors
Boundary disputes
Boundary settings
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Local institutions
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City authorities
Consules
Potestas
City assembly
City territory
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Local elites
Scabini
Lociservatores
Boni viri/boni homines
Village/castle representatives
Village/castle territory
Embassies/ambassadors
Urban communities
Rural communities
Common land
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Religion
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Churches/religious bodies
Churches
Baptismal churches
Collegiate churches
Mother churches
Monasteries
Cells/hermitages
Hospitals
Altars
Funerary rituals
Funerary monuments/cemeteries
Relics
Pilgrimages
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Clergy/religious persons
Popes
Archbishops
Bishops
Archpriests
Priests
Archdeacons
Deacons
Subdeacons
Other clerics
Patriarchs
Cardinals
Prevosts
Canons
Priors
Abbots
Abbesses
Monks
Nuns/sanctimoniales
Lay brothers
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Society
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Personal statuses
Freeborn
Aldius
Slave
Freedman
Royal slave
Royal freedman
Royal aldius
Arimannus
Lambardus
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Personal rank
Vir devotus/vir honestus
Vir magnificus
Vir clarissimus
Vir spectabilis
Vir inluster
Vir gloriosus/vir sublimis
Vir excellentissimus
Consul/hypatos
Patricius
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Natio
Roman
Lombard
Salian
Ripuarian
Bavarian
Burgundian
Alemannus
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Public rituals
Adventus/occursus
Deditio
Public decorum
Conviviality
Beneficium
Feudum
Honor
Munus
Private foundations
Joint foundations
Consortes/shared possessions
Distributions of moveable goods
Marriages
Clerical concubinage
Manumission
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Bonds
Marriage
Quasi-Marriage
Concubinage
Parent Of
Parent In Law Of
Foster Parent Of
Child Of
Child In Law Of
Grandparent Of
Grandchild Of
Great Grandparent Of
Great Grandchild Of
Sibling Of
Sibling In Law Of
Uncle/aunt Of
Nephew/niece Of
Cousin Of
Kin Of
Ancestor Of
Descendent Of
Family Of
Household Of
Slave Of
Godparent Of
Godchild Of
Compater/commater Of
Nutritus Of
Nutritor Of
Executor Of The Will Of
Legatee Of
Heir To
Mundualdus Of
Friendship For
Alliance With
Hostility For
Dominus/senior Of
Vassus Of
Gasindius Of
Fidelis Of
Miles Of
Homo Of
Agent For
Office Holder For
Rector Of
Professional Relationship
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